Thursday, January 15, 2015

Mt Foxlow & Harrisons Peak, NSW, Australia


2015 January: One day climb to Mt Foxlow & Harrisons Peak from Beverly Hill Trail, NSW, Australia

Mt Foxlow & Harrisons Peak

Today, Adam, Daniel and I are meant to climb more A2K (above 2000m) peaks in the Kosciuszko National Park. Uncertainty over weather conditions there means climbing Mt Foxlow instead. At 1220m, it is the highest mountain in Yanununbeyan National Park & Conservation Area and the surrounding Captains Flat district.

And since we are there, we climb Harrisons Peak too, 1173 m, just a few kilometers south of Mt Foxlow.

Mt Foxlow turns out to be a bit of a disappointment as there is no view from the summit - too many trees.

But Harrisons Peak has a splendid 180 degree view - from the southwest to the northeast. One would have thought that with such a view, there should be plenty of entries on the internet with positive reviews from climbers. But no, the internet has no useful entry on this peak and nothing about the view from the summit ... very strange! Seems that not many people know about this little gem !

Starting point - Beverley Hill Trail trailhead

Our starting point is the Beverley Hill Trail off Captains Flat Road just before entering the township of Captains Flat from the north. But note that much of the National Park & Conservation Area is surrounded by private properties. The only public entry point is via Woolcara Lane off the Captains Flat Road further north. Hence if you intend to walk on the Beverley Hill Trail like the way we did, I'm not sure whether you need to contact the landholder first.

Map

I only have 1:100,000 scaled 8726 Michelago

GPS files & Route

The GPX files of our walk can be download from:
https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B877-h5SCJaSU3RyMXVBcFhHVGc/view?usp=sharing

In summary:
•  Start at Beverley Hill Trail off Captains Flat Rd just before entering Captains Flat from the north.
•  Walk on Beverley Hill Trail.
•  Turn into Foxlow Trail and walk to Mt Foxlow summit.

•  In the return trip, retrace steps.
•  Detour to climb Harrisons Peak.
•  Then retrace steps back to car.

Timeline & Distance

07:17   0.0 km  Beverly Hill Trail trailhead
07:45   1.8 km  at start of detour to dam

07:58   2.3 km  back on Beverly Hill Trail
08:38   4.3 km  enter Yanununbeyan National Park
09:05   5.6 km  at junction of Beverly Hill Trail & Foxlow Trail
09:12   6.1 km  at junction of Foxlow Trail & Camelot Trail
09:45   7.9 km  at Mt Foxlow summit

lunch

10:20   8.0 km  leave Mt Foxlow summit
10:59   9.9 km  at junction of Foxlow Trail & Camelot Trail
11:02  10.0 km  at start of short detour to see a ruin

11:12  10.3 km  back on Foxlow Trail
11:15  10.5 km  at junction of Foxlow Trail & Beverly Hill Trail
11:40  11.8 km  leave Yanununbeyan National Park
11:58  12.6 km  start to bushbash to Harrisons Peak
12:16  13.0 km  at Harrisons Peak summit

13:00  13.2 km  leave Harrisons Peak summit
13:21  13.8 km  back on Beverly Hill Trail
13:59  16.3 km  finish at Beverly Hill Trail trailhead

Total:  6 hr 42 min;  16.3 km;  distance is from Google Earth

Pictures

1)  At the trailhead of Beverly Hill Trail is this interesting letter box !
As there is a letter box, it suggests we are entering a private property. However, there is no "No Entry" nor "No Trespass" sign anywhere. Hence we assume the public are allowed access on the trail ... Apology to the landowner if we are trespassing.



2)  A short detour to check out this man-made dam.



3)  The entry to Yanununbeyan National Park is about 3.5 km from the trailhead.



4)  There is a fire trail all the way to Mt Foxlow.



5)  Passing a billabong



6)  Mt Foxlow is flat as a pancake. The summit is a short distance inside the woods.



7)  At Mt Foxlow summit ~~~
Unfortunately there is no view ... too many trees.
In the pic, on the left is a rusted antenna-looking pole.
On the right is a cairn. Why would anyone want to build such a big cairn here? ... Too much spare time with nothing to do !



8)  A mandatory photo at the summit of Mt Foxlow



9)  Adam and Daniel



10)  The wooden pole on top of the cairn seems to be covered with a kind of mould ... after holding onto the pole, our palms turn into orange colour.



11)  Daniel is having fun on the rusted antenna pole. I was going to climb it too, but decide not to after noticing the rust covering Daniel's clothes  :-)



12)  Just as we are all thinking that a summit without a view is a bit boring, we notice these interesting Plague Soldier Beetle, Chauliognathus lugubris.
In the upper pic, the black blobs are actually the beetles crowded together. Here, they stay put even if slightly disturbed.
They are at Harrisons Peak too - on the grass and on tree leaves. There, if you shake the leaves, the beetles rain down on your head ! Fortunately they don't bite.



13)  We have lunch at Mt Foxlow summit, then it is retracing our steps down the summit. Shortly after we are on our way down, a gap through the trail gives us a glimpse of Tinderry Peak on the left and Tinderry Twin on the right. Adam and I climbed Tinderry Peak in October 2014.



14)  A huge ant



15)  A clearing created by a farm which is now abandoned



16)  From the clearing, we can see Harrisons Peak (red arrow). We are going to climb it.



17)  Closer to Harrisons Peak now (at the centre of this pic) ~~~
We'll walk on the trail towards the right of the pic, then bushbash on the ridge towards its summit.



18)  Bushbashing up Harrisons Peak ~~~
It is light bush, not like the thick ones on the way to Mt Kelly which I climbed about 2 weeks ago.
By the way, the Mt Kelly climb is interesting. Photos and write up on that trip is in my blog: http://mntviews.blogspot.com.au/2015/01/kelly-burbidge-nsw-australia.html



19)  It looks like that the summit is just in front. But no, the real summit is behind the pile of rocks.



20)  The real summit is in front (after passing the pile of rocks in the previous photo).



21)  We are now at the top of Harrisons Peak, 1173 m.  This summit is truly is a little gem!  The 180 degree view from southwest to northeast is splendid.  Amazingly there is no mention of this place on the internet !
This view is towards the southwest ... in the centre is the twin pyramid peaks of Tinderry Peak (left) and Tinderry Twin (right).



Adam and I climbed Tinderry Peak in October 2014. Photos and write up on that trip is in my blog:
http://mntviews.blogspot.com.au/2014/11/tinderry-peak-act-australia.html

I haven't climbed Tinderry Twin yet ... intend to do so one day.

22)  Towards the north and north east ~~~
- The left arrow points to Mt Foxlow which we have just climbed.
- The middle arrow points to an unnamed peak which is higher than Harrisons Peak (unnamed in the 1:100,000 scale map).
- The right blue arrow points to Lake George - you can only see a teeny-weeny bit of it.
- The valley on the right is where the Molonglo River is. The Molonglo flows towards Canberra, into its Lake Burkey Griffin.



23)  Zooming onto Mt Foxlow ~~~
The arrow points to a big pine tree which is the same pine tree on the right side of Photo #16. The clearing around the pine tree is the clearing in Photo #15 & #16.



24)  Just to prove I am at Harrisons Peak  :-)



25) Adam & Daniel



26)  The trig pole is bent and fallen at the summit ... but ...



27)  ... but Adam and Daniel hoisted up the trig pole. I'm skinny, so my contribution to the effort is to take a photograph of our accomplishment.



28)  On the way down Harrisons Peak, we encounter this baby goat. The mother goat should be nearby, but we can't see her.



Flora

29)  Dianella caerulea, commonly known as the Paroo or blue flax lily - photo taken on the slope of Harrisons Peak.



30)  Cassinia longifolia (Shiny Cassinia, Cauliflower Bush)



31)  If you know the name of this little flower, please let me know.



32)  Plenty of these little yellow-orange-coloured flower.



33)  Close up view of the little yellow-orange-coloured flower of the previous pic ~~~
If you know its name, please let me know.



34)  A few of these purple Onopordum acanthium (Scotch or Scottish Thistle, Cotton Thistle) along the trail ~~~
Native to Europe and Western Asia ...
... from the Iberian Peninsula, east to Kazakhstan, and north to central Scandinavia.
Widely naturalised elsewhere, with especially large populations present in the United States and Australia.
In Australia, it is mostly regarded as a weed.



35)  If you know the name of this little flower, please let me know.



36)  Bidgee Widgee (Acaena novae-zelandiae) growing close to the ground ~~~
This plant is native to Australia. And for once, it is a successful export by Australia to other countries  :-)  ... because it is considered as a noxious weed in some areas, such as Hawaii and California  :-)



Saturday, January 3, 2015

Mt Kelly & Mt Burbidge, ACT, Australia


2015 January: One day climb to Mt Kelly & Mt Burbidge from Yankee Hat Carpark, ACT, Australia

Prolog

Why climb mountains? If you have to ask the question, you wouldn't understand the answer   :-)

I lost count of the number of times I have attempted this climb - must be over ten times !
•  Most of the time, bad weather caused the cancellation.

•  Once a guy turned up in short-sleeve t-shirt and a pair of shorts despite being warned about the heavy duty bushbashing almost all the way. Not surprisingly, on the day, his arms and knees were badly cut up by the vegetation, and we had to abort the climb.

•  Once I had a foot injury, and another time an arm injury caused two last minute cancellations ... how frustrating !

•  Twice we went in early winter and had to abort the climbs when we realized our progresses were too slow to complete the climbs in daylight.

In frustration, I sent an SOS to Ricky who climbed most of the Australian State-8 peaks with me. He came all the way from Brisbane to climb Kelly with me! Thank you, Ricky!


List of named peaks in ACT above 1700 meters

I have compiled a list of named peaks in ACT above 1700 meters. There are 13 of them. And I have climbed them all ... Yay !

•  01   1913 m   Bimberi Peak - Photos and trip reports are in my blogs:
           - From east: 2011-01  http://mntviews.blogspot.com.au/2011/01/bimberi-act-australia-east-approach.html
           - From west: 2009-12  http://mntviews.blogspot.com/2009/12/bimberi-act-australia.html
                                2018-12  https://mntviews.blogspot.com/2018/12/bimberi-peak-and-mt-murray-act-australia.html
                                               (including climbing Mt Murray)

•  02   1855 m   Mt Gingera - Photos and trip report are in my blog:
http://mntviews.blogspot.com.au/2013/01/mt-gingera-mt-ginini-act-australia.html

•  03   1845 m   Mt Murray - Photos and trip report are in my blog:
http://mntviews.blogspot.com/2018/12/bimberi-peak-and-mt-murray-act-australia.html

•  04   1829 m   Mt Kelly - This trip report

•  05   1798 m   Mt Scabby - Grid Ref 676 411
          1805 m   Unnamed peak just east of Mt Scabby - Grid Ref 681 410
           Trip report is under construction.

•  06   1791 m   Mt Namadgi - Photos and trip report are in my blog:
http://mntviews.blogspot.com.au/2015/10/mt-namadgi-act-australia.html

•  07   1766 m   Ginger Ale - Grid Ref 601 586  (between Rolling Ground Gap & Blackfellows Gap)
Photos and trip report are in my blog:
http://mntviews.blogspot.com.au/2015/02/little-ginini-ginger-ale-act-australia.html

•  08   1762 m   Mt Ginini - Photos and trip report are in my blog:
http://mntviews.blogspot.com.au/2013/01/mt-gingera-mt-ginini-act-australia.html

•  09   1739 m   Mt Gudgenby - Photos and trip report are in my blog:
http://mntviews.blogspot.com.au/2017/11/mt-gudgenby-act-australia.html

•  10   1738 m   Little Ginini - Photos and trip report are in my blog:
http://mntviews.blogspot.com.au/2015/02/little-ginini-ginger-ale-act-australia.html

•  11   1727 m   Sentry Box Mountain eastern peak - Grid Ref 721 338
          1696 m   Sentry Box Mountain western peak - Grid Ref 714 338
          1673 m   Sentry Box Rock - Grid Ref 713 346
Photos and trip report are in my blog:
http://mntviews.blogspot.com.au/2015/11/sentry-box-act-australia.html

•  12   1724 m   Mt Burbidge - This trip report

•  13   1711 m   Mt Mavis - Grid Ref 722 493  (just north-east of Mt Namadgi; east of Big Creamy Flats)
Photos and trip report are in my blog:
http://mntviews.blogspot.com.au/2017/12/mt-mavis-act-australia.html

Data source:
    - First, from LPI maps from Department of Lands
    - Then from 1:50,000 scaled Rooftop's map called "Namadgi - ACT South Activities Map" 2011 edition
    - Finally, in Google we trust  :-)


Today's climb - Mt Kelly & Mt Burbidge

- Mt Kelly is 1829 m, 4th highest mountain in ACT.

- It is in a remote part of the Namadgi National Park; no tracks; just mind-numbing bushbashing suitable only for masochists. (In USA, it is called bushwhacking.)

- We start early from Yankee Hat Carpark at 4:30am in the dark (sunrise is at 6:00am). This is to make sure we'll have all the daylight hours we may need.

- It is also a hot day ... 32 degree celsius in Canberra; cooler in the mountains. I took along 4.5 litres of water and drank them all by the end of the day.

- Ricky sets a good pace; fast for me; slow for him  :-)

- Reach Mt Kelly summit in 5 hrs 41 mins ... now wondering what is the record to there? We may not be too far off the record  :-)

- As we are ahead of schedule, we go on to climb the nearby Mt Burbidge, 1724 m.

- The 360 degree panoramic views from both summits are superb !

- By the time we are back at Yankee Hat Carpark at 5:50pm, we've walked 13 hrs 20 mins - mostly bushbashing; a long and tired day, but a most satisfying one as well ... finally, Mt Kelly is conquered !


Maps

•  8626-1S Rendezvous Creek  1:25,000
•  8626 Tantangara  1:100,000
•  Rooftop's "Namadgi - ACT South Activities Map"  2011 edition;  1:50,000

The relevant part of the 1:25,000 scaled map can be downloaded from:
https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B877-h5SCJaSUU5EeXNPMTFTZW8/view?usp=sharing

Below is the relevant part of Rooftop's 1:50,000 scaled Namadgi map.
But ... Warning:
- Where Yankee Hat is in the map, it should be an unnamed 1558-meter hill.
- Yankee Hat itself should be at the next hill to the north-east.



Camping - Orroral Campground

If you are coming from inter-state, a good place to camp out for the night is Orroral Campground.

Address: Orroral Road, Tharwa, ACT

•  Traditional tent camping sites for small parties only
•  Flush toilets.
•  Tables and wood BBQs.
•  Sealed road access.
•  Booking is essential. 3-night limit. Book at Namadgi Visitor Centre, or on-line.
•  Fee applied, but children under 10 years old are free.
•  Firewood not provided - bring your own supply.
•  You need to boil/treat stream water.

From Orroral Campground to Yankee Hat Carpark is about 25 minutes. The KML file of the route between these two places can be downloaded from:
https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B877-h5SCJaSRnRBc0F5MVl1b2c/view?usp=sharing


Yankee Hat Carpark

The starting point of the Mt Kelly climb is at Yankee Hat Carpark on Old Boboyan Rd.

If you are coming from the direction of Canberra, drive south on Boboyan Rd. About 0.7 km pass the bridge crossing Rendezvous Creek, or 0.3 km pass the bridge crossing Gudgenby River, watch out on your right for a fork with a very small sign pointing to Yankee Hat Carpark & Old Boboyan Rd. You really need to watch out for it, as one blink and you'll miss it.

I have pin-pointed Yankee Hat Carpark and the junction to Old Boboyan Rd in a KML file which can be downloaded from:
https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B877-h5SCJaSTEJlSG1DeHU1Wnc/view?usp=sharing


GPS files & Route

The GPX tracklog files of our walk can be download from:
   - From Yankee Hat Carpark to Mt Kelly:
https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B877-h5SCJaSUjdKSV9EU2t2S1k/view?usp=sharing

   - Return trip from Mt Kelly to Mt Burbidge to Yankee Hat Carpark:
https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B877-h5SCJaSUjhtcmZoYnB3am8/view?usp=sharing

The 1:25,000 scaled map with our tracklog superimposed on it can be downloaded from:
https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B877-h5SCJaSaUJ3YjItWVBQVVU/view?usp=sharing

In summary:
•  Start at Yankee Hat Carpark.
•  Follow trail for 1 km to footbridge over Bogong Creek.
•  Keep following the track for a further 0.17 km.
•  Then go off track and just head directly towards Mt Kelly in a roughly north-west direction.

•  In the return trip, climb Mt Burbidge.
•  Then retrace steps back to Yankee Hat Carpark.


Timeline & Distance

04:30   0.0 km  Start at Yankee Hat Carpark, Old Boboyan Rd
04:42   0.9 km  at footbridge over Bogong Creek
10:11  11.4 km  at Mt Kelly summit

lunch

11:04  11.5 km  Start at Mt Kelly summit
12:33  13.9 km  at Mt Burbidge summit

12:51  14.0 km  leave Mt Burbidge summit
17.34  23.2 km  at footbridge over Bogong Creek
17:48  24.2 km  End at Yankee Hat Carpark, Old Boboyan Rd

Total:  13 hrs 18 mins;  24.2 km  (Distance is from Google Earth. Actual distance is longer.)


Pictures - Yankee Hat Carpark

1)  Yankee Hat Carpark ~~~ it is a nice picnic area too; but camping is not allowed here.



To footbridge over Bogong Creek

2)  You can't see Mt Kelly from Yankee Hat Carpark, but you can see it here - the "small" mountain pointed by the red arrow. This photo is taken at 5:40pm, on our way back to the carpark ... about 10 minutes out from the carpark, and about halfway between the carpark and the footbridge over Bogong Creek - see photo #3.



Footbridge over Bogong Creek

3)  The red arrow points to Mt Kelly.
This photo was taken the day before. Today when we cross the bridge it was 4:40am, still pitch dark. The sun won't rise till 6:00am.



Yesterday - Yankee Hat Rock Art Site

4)  After crossing Bogong Creek, if you follow a foot track heading west-ish, in about 2 km, you will reach this Yankee Hat Rock Art Site.



5)  The Rock is a granite boulder. The art site is protected from rain by the high roof overhang.



6)  The painting were drawn by the aboriginal people. Carbon dating of the camp-site deposits shows that people began using this shelter more than 800 years ago. Evidence from nearby sites suggests that people were camping in the area, and presumably painting, as long as 3,700 years ago.
The white paint is clay. The red paint is based on iron oxide or 'ochre'. The nearest known ochre quarries are at Michelago and Gungahlin. The different shades of red in the paintings may be the result of paint weathering or may have been deliberately caused by mixing some white clay with the ochre. Clay and ochre were normally mixed with a binding agent such as water, sap, blood or animal oils.



7)  An interpretation of the painting



Today - From Footbridge to Mt Kelly

8)  I went to the Yankee Hat Rock Art Site yesterday. Today, from the footbridge (photo #3), we follow the same foot track for 170 meters, then go off-track towards the north-west, heading to Mt Kelly.
(This photo of the off track area, and the previous photos at the rock art site, were taken yesterday.)

By the way, from the footbridge, we could have veered off-track straight away towards the north-west ... but we are still too early and in the dark, and hence we stick to the foot track for a while  :-)


9)  As mentioned, we started at Yankee Hat Carpark at 4:30am in the dark. We timed it such that by time we encounter the heavy bush, the sun just rises for us to see our way.



10)  The leaves catch the light of the red morning sun.



11)  It is heavy duty bushbashing. Only a masochist would want to climb Mt Kelly !



12)  Midway to Mt Kelly ~~~
We are at a rocky plateau where the vegetation is a bit less dense.



13)  Boulders at the rocky plateau



14)  Boulders at the rocky plateau



At Bogong Gap

15)  We've covered 80% of the route and are now at Bogong Gap - a swampy area. The tiny red flowers covering the swamp are quite pretty. The rocky mountain in this photo is Mt Burbidge. The summit is on the left hand side, behind the boulders and not visible in this photo. We'll climb Burbidge this afternoon, after climbing Mt Kelly.



16)  There are huge flies with horrible big green eyes at Bogong Gap ... Yeeek !



17)  It is only around Mt Bogong Gap that we start to get a good view of Mt Kelly.



Climb Mt Kelly

18)  We are closer to Mt Kelly ... still some more bushbashing to get through before the climb.



Mt Kelly summit

19)  Finally reaching Mt Kelly summit, 1829 m, 4th highest mountain in ACT - 5 hrs 41 mins after we started from Yankee Hat Carpark



20)  The 360 degree panoramic view from the Mt Kelly summit is superb - well worth all the effort to get here!
- The 4 arrows from left to right:
       • The blue arrow points to the open plain near Yankee Hat Carpark.
       • The next arrow in red points to an unnamed 1558-meter peak.
       • The next arrow points to Mt Gudgenby, 1739 m.
       • The next arrow points to Mt Scabby, 1798 m.
- The hill between the blue arrow and the unnamed 1558-meter peak is Yankee Hat.



21)  Of the two large mountains in the foreground:
- On the left is Mt Namadgi, 1791 m, even more remote and more difficult to climb than Mt Kelly.
- On the right is Mt Burbidge, 1724 m. As we are ahead of schedule, we decide to climb it after lunch  :-)

The climb to Mt Namadgi is difficult due to its remoteness. I climb it ten months later in late 2015-10. Photos and a write up on that climb is in my blog:
http://mntviews.blogspot.com.au/2015/10/mt-namadgi-act-australia.html


22)  Photo time - at the summit with Ricky ~~~
The large mountain on the right hand side of the photo is Mt Namadgi.



23)  Me at the summit ~~~
- The mountain on the left edge of the photo is Mt Murray 1845 m, 3rd highest mountain in ACT.
- On Mt Murray's right is Bimberi Peak, 1913 m, highest mountain in ACT. I climbed it with Ricky in January 2011.


Lunch is at the summit of Mt Kelly.


To Mt Burbidge

24)  After lunch, we descend Mt Kelly and head towards Mt Burbidge - see photo #25. While climbing Mt Burbidge, I look back and take this photo of Mt Kelly.



25)  Mt Burbidge is in front.



26)  Mt Burbidge is in front.



27)  Closer to Mt Burbidge now ~~~
The summit is on the left hand side of the photo.



28)  Mt Burbidge summit is in front - again, it is and has been bushbashing all the way !



Mt Burbidge summit

29)  Finally, we are at Mt Burbidge summit, 1724 m.



30)  As is the case with Mt Kelly, the 360 degree panoramic view from Mt Burbidge summit is equally superb!
The 5 arrows from left to right:
- Th red arrow points to Mt Kelly, 1829 m, 4th highest mountain in ACT; we just came from there.
- The next arrow points to Mt Murray 1845 m, 3rd highest mountain in ACT.
- The next arrow points to Bimberi Peak, 1913 m, highest mountain in ACT. I climbed it with Ricky in January 2011.
- The next arrow in blue points to Cotter Flats (where Cotter Hut is), Ricky and I camped around there when we climbed Bimberi. The valley leading to Cotter Flats is where Licking Hole Creek flows.
- The next arrow in red points to Mt Namadgi, 1791 m.



31)  View from Mt Burbidge summit ~~~
- The 3 arrows from left to right:
       • The 1st arrow points to an unnamed 1558-meter peak which is north-east of Mt Gudgenby.
       • The next arrow points to Mt Gudgenby, 1739 m.
       • The next arrow points to Mt Scabby, 1798 m.
- The open plain to the left of the 1st arrow is where Yankee Hat Carpark is.



Climbing down Mt Burbidge

32)  Coming down the summit of Mt Burbidge


33)  Coming down Mt Burbidge



Return to carpark

34)  Bushbashing back to the car ~~~
We can see the open plain where Yankee Hat Carpark is. But we still have a long way to bushbash  :-(



35)  The bushbashing is over; the open plain is in sight now. A kangaroo is congratulating us on our successful climbs.



36)  Around where the kangaroo is, are some interesting shrub and flowers.
This is a Cassinia, perhaps Cassinia aculeata (Dogwood or Common Cassinia), or Cassinia longifolia ... not sure. All Cassinia look the same to me, hence not sure which species it is  :-)



37)  Centaurium tenuiflorum (Slender Centaury)



38)  Echium vulgare (Vipers Bugloss), very pretty, native to Europe, but regarded as an environmental weed in Australia



39)  Finally we are onto the open plain - in about 45 minutes, we'll be back at the car.



40)  The grass is bathing is the warm glow of the setting sun.



41)  Verbascum virgatum (green mullein, twiggy mullein) in the open plain



42)  Onopordum illyricum (Illyrian Thistle, Illyrian Cottonthistle), abundant in the open plain.
Native to southwest Europe, but has been introduced into Australia and California, where it has become a noxious weed.


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