Sunday, September 13, 2015

Mt Banks & Mt Caley, NSW Blue Mts, Australia


2015 September: One day climb to Mt Banks & Mt Caley, NSW Blue Mts, Australia

Mt Banks & Mt Caley

Having lived in Sydney for so long, I'm still a newbie in the Blue Mts area. But I'm improving. Today, I knock off Mt Banks and Mt Caley  :-)

There is a cairn at the top of Mt Banks, 1062 meters, otherwise not much of a view.

But along the way from Mt Banks to Mt Caley, there are the typical fantastic scenes of the Blue Mountains cliffs on both sides of the Grose River.

Mt Caley, 860 meters, is a horror. The last 100 meters or so of walk is full of Smilax australis (Lawyer Vine). It has prickly climbing stems that are up to 8 metres long and make an impenetrable thicket. Also there is no cairn nor a view from the top, hence it is not worth the effort to battle the Lawyer Vines to get there.

But about 250 meters south-south-west of the Mt Caley summit, there is a lookout on top of the edge of a cliff with another fantastic view of Grose River ... so Mt Caley turns out to be not such a disappointment  :-)


Maps

•  1:100,000 scaled 8930 Katoomba
•  1:50,000 scaled Blue Mountains North by Spatial Visions Innovation, 1st edition
•  1:25,000 scaled 8930-1N Mount Wilson

Here is the 1:25,000 scale map of the Mt Banks & Mt Caley area. (Click on the map to enlarge it.)


GPS tracklog file & Route

Our GPX tracklog file can be downloaded from:
https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B877-h5SCJaSUU0xX2ZrWWJjWTA/view?usp=sharing

Here is our tracklog (brown colour) in the 1:25,000 map. (Click on the map to enlarge it.)
- The 3 red arrows point to three lookouts with splendid scenery down on the Grose River and the cliffs overlooking its valley.


A summary of our route is:
- Park car at the Mt Banks carpark (upper left hand corner of the above map where it says "Picnic Area", "Monument", "Locked").
- Climb Mt Banks.
- To 1st lookout (left red arrow).
- To 2nd lookout (middle red arrow).
- Climb Mt Caley.
- Descend to 3rd lookout (right red arrow).
- Return to car. (On the return trip, instead of climbing Mt Banks again, take the firetrail that goes around the east side of the mountain).


Timeline & Distance

08:00   0.0 km  Start at Mt Banks carpark
08:26   1.2 km  At Mt Banks summit

08:35   1.2 km  Descend Mt Banks summit
08:54   2.5 km  At junction of foot track (to Mt Banks) & firetrail
09:25   4.7 km  At 1st lookout

09:27   4.7 km  Leave 1st lookout
09:46   6.1 km  At 2nd lookout

09:54   6.1 km  Leave 2nd lookout
10:54  10.1 km  At knoll west of Mt Caley

Morning tea

11:19  10.2 km  Leave knoll west of Mt Caley
12:23  10.9 km  At Mt Caley summit

Lunch

12:59  10.9 km  Leave Mt Caley summit
13:26  11.2 km  At 3rd lookout

13:35  11.3 km  Leave 3rd lookout
14:29  12.2 km  At knoll west of Mt Caley

14:43  12.2 km  Leave knoll west of Mt Caley
15:59  16.9 km  At 1st lookout

16:01  16.9 km  Leave 1st lookout
16:32  19.1 km  At junction of foot track (to Mt Banks) & firetrail
17:08  21.7 km  Finish at Mt Banks carpark

==============================================

Total:  9 hrs 08 mins  at leisurely pace
           21.7 km  Distance is from Google Earth
           23.6 km  Distance is from Garmin GPS


Pictures - Mt Banks carpark

1)  At Mt Banks carpark ~~~
This is supposed to be a monument ... but a monument of what? The plaque seems to be missing.


2)  On the rock of the monument (previous photo) is this large fierce looking red/orange-headed ant.
It looks like a Spider Ant, perhaps Leptomyrmex erythrocephalus. Please correct me if I'm wrong.


Climb Mt Banks

3)  We can't see Mt Banks from the carpark. But 3 minutes, 150 meters from the carpark, we are at a flat area with this clear view of the mountain.


4)  (Click on the pic to enlarge it.)
4 minutes, 250 meters from the carpark, is this view towards the west and south-west.
- Govetts Creek flows in the valley pointed to by the blue arrow.
- The red arrow points to Docker Head.


5)  David climbing up Mt Banks


6)  David climbing up Mt Banks


7)  From the slope of Mt Banks, looking back ~~~
- The faint foot track on the left was the way we climbed up Mt Banks.
- The firetrail on the right also originates from the Mt Banks carpark. It skirts around the base of Mt Banks, then heads towards Mt Caley.


8)  Almost at the summit of Mt Banks


Mt Banks summit

9)  David and I at Mt Banks summit, 1062 meters ... easy ... only 26 minutes, 1.2 km from the carpark. But there is no view here.


To Mt Caley

Next, it is to Mt Caley. This is much harder compared to Mt Banks.

10)  First, we descend the foot track to meet up with the firetrail that you saw in Photo #7. The firetrail then leads to here, a plateau with a disused watertank. In the past, people could drive up here for a picnic. Not anymore, there is a gate at the carpark to prevent cars from entering the firetrail.


11)  The reason why people came here for picnic is because of the splendid scenery. I call this place the1st lookout. (Scroll back to see the map of our route.)
- The left red arrow points to Frank Hurley Head.
- The right red arrow points to Du Faur Head.
- Grose Rive flows in the main valley.


12)  (Click on the pic to enlarte it.)
This is a continuation to the right of the previous pic ~~~
Of the 4 arrows, from left to right:
- 1st arrow (red) points to Du Faur Head.
- 2nd arrow (blue) points to Govetts Creek.
- 3rd arrow (red) points to Docker Head.
- 4th arrow (blue) points to Grose River.
Mt Banks cliffs are the dark cliffs on right side of the pic.


13)  Mt Banks cliffs - they are the dark cliffs on the right side of the previous pic.


14)  After the lookout, we keep going towards Mt Caley. These 2 photos are looking back at Mt Banks - the summit is the peak on the right even though it looks lower in the pics.


15)  On the way, I snap this White-eared honeyeater, Nesoptilotis leucotis, a medium sized honeyeater found in Eastern and Western Australia. It is easily identifiable by their olive-green body, black head and white ear patch.


16)  Detour to what I call the 2nd lookout ... another fantastic view. (Scroll back to see the map of our route.). ~~~
The arrows point to, from left to right:
- Mt Strzelecki ... It would be interesting to climb it one day.
- Mt Caley ... we'll be climbing it soon.
- Edgeworth David Head ... the knoll close to us.
- Mt Hay ... in the background.


17)  (Click on the pic to enlarge it.)
This is a continuation to the right of the previous pic ~~~
- Left red arrow points to Du Faur Head.
- Right red arrow points to Docker Head.
- The green arrow points to a clearing around Blue Gum Forest.
- Govetts Creek flows in the valley between the 2 red arrows.

For most people this is the end of the hike as there is not much of a view further along the firetrail.


18)  But David and I continue on towards Mt Caley. The firetrail now deteriorates. Looks like there is no intention to maintain it anymore. This pic shows the better part of the firetrail. Further along, vegetations start to grow in the middle of the trail.


19)  After 10 km of walking from the carpark, we reach this spot - the end of the firetrail. It is the top of a knoll just west of Mt Caley. It has no view. The question: What was the purpose of building a firetrail to here? It is in the middle of nowhere!


20)  Now we bushbash towards Mt Caley and almost step on this snake !


21)  At the saddle between the knoll mentioned in Photo #19 and Mt Caley is this large man-high termite mound with a stone on top. This is a landmark point - people going down Zobel Gully to Grose River now turn south towards the gully. We keep going directly ahead to climb Mt Caley.


At Mt Caley summit

22)  After the saddle point, the bush isn't that thick initially. But towards the final 100 meters or so to the summit of Mt Caley, it becomes really tough going. Milax australis (Lawyer Vine), with its prickly climbing stems, make an impenetrable thickets. We battle to where we believe the summit is and take this photo at 860 meters. This is a disappointing place, no cairn, and no view !


23)  At a small clearing at the summit, we have lunch. This is when we discover some strange fauna ... I've never seen an orange fly before !


24)  This one is a leech. I only manage to photograph its tail. The leeches I met in the past were all dark coloured. This one is unique in that it has a yellow stripe down the entire length of its back.
Well, Mt Caley isn't such a disappointing place  :-)


Lookout at 250 meters south-south-west of Mt Caley summit

Prior to this trip, I noticed from Google Earth that there are interesting cliffs at about 250 meters south-south-west of Mt Caley summit. So, instead of retracing our steps to the car, we go to check out the cliffs.

25)  The top of the cliff is a lookout with a breathtaking view !  Well, great minds think alike ... someone had been here already; and built a small cairn.
The impressive valley in the pic is where Grose River flows.
(I call this place the 3rd lookout ... scroll back to see the map of our route.)


26)  As the previous pic shows, this place is a fantastic lookout ... I'm happy with Mt Caley now  :-)
In the upper photo:
- Left red arrow points to Mt Hay.
- Right red arrow points to Du Faur Head.
- The cliffs to the left of Mt Hay are called Wallford Wall.
- The cliffs to the right of Mt Hay are caled Mt Hay Wall.
- The main valley is where Grose River flows.
The lower photo is a continuation to the right of the upper photo:
- Left red arrow points to Mt Banks.
- Right red arrow points to the knoll west of Mt Caley and where the firetrail ends (Photo #19).
- The yellow arrows show the location of the firetrail which will take us back to the carpark.


27)  Still at the lookout ~~~
Weathered stone forming an impressive sculpture


28)  Still at the lookout ~~~
Weathered stone formation

According to Google Earth, another 300 meters south of here, there should be another lookout on top of the edge of the same cliff line. We didn't go there ... though it would be interesting to check it out if I ever come back here again.


29)  Around here, we find this fellow. Does anyone know its name? ... some kind of mountain dragon?


Return to carpark

30)  On our way back to the car ~~~
Instead of climbing Mt Banks again, we take the firetrail that skirts around its base. Here is the cliff of Mt Banks.


31)  We are close to our car now and looking back at Mt Banks.


Flowers encountered in our walk

Spring is with us and wild flowers are blooming.

32)  Does anyone know the name of this flower?


33)  Does anyone know the name of this flower?


34)  Patersonia glabrata (Native Iris)


35)  Is this Boronia ???  Please let me know !
Zieria and Boronia look similar to each other. From Wikipedia:
    - Ziera: Each flower has 4 sepals, 4 petals, 4 stamens.
    - Boronia: Each flower has 5 sepals, 5 petals, 8 stamens.
But this flower looks like Boronia !


36)  Isopogon, a Drumsticks plant - Is it Isopogon anemonifolius (Broad-leaf Drumsticks) ?


37)  Does anyone know the name of this flower?


38)  Alpine Phebalium (Phebalium squamulosum)


39)  Does anyone know the name of this flower? It has variegated leaves.

Saturday, August 29, 2015

Rennies Tunnel, NSW Blue Mts, Australia


2015 August: Crawl through Rennies Tunnel under Narrow Neck plateau
                       Then climb up Devils Hole
                       in NSW Blue Mts, Australia

Prolog

Two months ago, after we explored Bleichert Ropeway, we went pass the entrance of Rennies Tunnel on the Federal Pass Walking Track. A peek inside the tunnel had Freda announcing with excitement that we should spend a day to explore it.  Ah, she is a lady with a young and adventurous heart !  So, Today the 3 of us, Nick, Freda and I, are here.

Rennies Tunnel

Below is a historical mining map of the Katoomba / Narrow Neck area.  Rennies Tunnel (or Mt Rennie Tunnel) is the part of the horizontal tramway line in the middle of the pic, that runs under the Narrow Neck plateau, connecting Jamison Valley with Megalong Valley. It was built in the early history of Australia to transport oil shale from Glen Shale Mines to the Blue Mountains railway via the then cable haulage facility, the Katoomba Incline.  The tramways are now gone, but the tunnel is still there.
The tunnel is 400 meters long.  For most of its length, it is 3.5 meters wide and 1.2 meters high, just wide enough for a double track tramway, but not high enough for us to stand up.

Just inside the tunnel is a gate. The gate is not shut. But it has a sign - "Danger, Do Not Enter" - all the more reason why Freda wants to go in to explore ... you just have to love Freda's nerve !  (A picture of the gate is in Photo #8.)

There is water in the tunnel - above ankle high, up to the shin.  The colour of the water is yukky orange! It is due to iron oxide leeched out from the rocks. If it is harmful to humans, it is too late for us  :-)

The bottom of the tunnel is ochre mud/slime, messy & unpleasant !

The water and mud stain everything that your wear into orange/brown.  The stain can't be washed away.  If you intend to go through the tunnel, be prepared to throw away everything that you had worn.

The tunnel is home to a colony of small bats. But we can't find any when we are there.

Map

•  1:100,000 scaled 8930 Katoomba
•  1:50,000 scaled Blue Mountains South by Spatial Visions Innovation, 1st edition
•  1:25,000 scaled 8930-1S Katoomba

Here is the 1:25,000 scale map of the Narrow Neck, Devils Hole & Golden Stairs area.


GPS tracklog file & Route

Our GPX tracklog file can be downloaded from:
https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B877-h5SCJaSUmZVc1RQS2VLSWM/view?usp=sharing

Here is our tracklog (brown colour) in the 1:25,000 map.
- Of the 2 red arrows:
    •  The upper red arrow points to Devils Hole pass through which we climb up towards Cliff Drive in Katoomba (Photos #34, #35 & #36).
    •  The lower red arrow points to where we park our car, at top of Golden Stairs, on Narrow Neck plateau.
- The horizontal straight line in brown in the middle of the pic is Rennies Tunnel. Our entry to the tunnel is on the right side, on the Federal Pass Walking Track.


In summary, our route is:
- Park car at the top of Golden Stairs on Glenraphael Drive (lower red arrow of the above map).
- Descend Golden Stairs.
- Walk on Federal Pass Walking Track to entrance of Rennies Tunnel.
- Crawl through the Tunnel to Devils Hole side.
- Explore the Devils Hole area.
- Climb up Devils Hole pass to Cliff Drive
- Walk along Cliff Drive
- Turn into Glenraphael Drive and back to our car.

Timeline & Distance

09:32  0.0 km  Start at top of Golden Stairs, a carpark on Glenraphael Drive
09:45  0.6 km  Stop to watch lyrebird

Watch lyrebird

09:53  0.6 km  Resume descending Golden Stairs
09:55  0.7 km  At bottom of Golden Stairs, junction with Federal Pass Walking Track
10:12  1.8 km  At entrance to Rennies Tunnel on Federal Pass Walking Track

Prepare to enter Rennies Tunnel

10:19  1.9 km  Enter Rennies Tunnel
11:28  2.3 km  Exit Rennies Tunnel (Devils Hole side)

Rest and reflect on what we have done  :-)

11:49  2.3 km  Start walking towards Devils Hole pass
12:30  3.1 km  At bottom of Devils Hole pass (and heading to Rennies Tunnel exit hole via a route slightly higher on the slope)
12:35  3.2 km  At Devils Hole Creek waterfall
12:49  3.6 km  Stop for lunch

Lunch

13:21  3.7 km  Resume walking
13:22  3.8 km  At Waterboard's ladder, called Dixons ladder

Photo session with the ladder

13:31  3.8 km  Leave waterboads's ladder
13:42  3.9 km  At Rennies Tunnel exit hole

13:53  4.0 km  Leave Rennies Tunnel (retrace steps back to Devils Hole pass)
14:06  4.1 km  At Waterboard's ladder, called Dixons ladder
14:07  4.2 km  At where we had lunch
14:18  4.7 km  At Devils Hole Creek waterfall
14:22  4.8 km  At bottom of Devils Hole pass and start climbing up to Cliff Drive
14:41  5.2 km  Start to detour to a lookout over Devils Hole pass
14:43  5.3 km  At lookout over Devils Hole pass

14:51  5.3 km  Leave lookout
15:02  5.6 km  At Cliff Drive, Katoomba
15:19  6.6 km  At start of Glenraphael Drive
15:29  7.4 km  At start of access road to Waterboard's Pumping Station
15:38  7.9 km  At Waterboard's Pumping Station

Explore around

15.43  8.0 km  Leave Waterboard's Pumping Station
15:50  8.4 km  Back at start of access road to Waterboard's Pumping Station

Wait for Nick

15:52  8.5 km  Resume walking on Glenraphael Drive
15:58  9.0 km  At start of a 50-meter detour to a lookout of the Narrow Neck cliffs

At lookout

16:00  9.1 km  Back at start of the detour
16:05  9.4 km  Back at carpark at Glenraphael Drive

==============================================

Total:  6 hrs 33 mins
            9.4 km  Distance is from Google Earth
           10.6 km  Distance is from Garmin GPS

Pictures - Descending Golden Stairs

1)  On the Golden Stairs ~~~
- You can just make out the outline of the Three Sisters (red arrow).
- Mt Solitary is in the (lower photo).


2)  Freda & Nick descending along Golden Stairs


3)  The Golden Stairs foot track ~~~
No, it isn't make of gold  :-)
Its name was from the early history of Australia, by way of a Salvation Army officer who would walk down the stairway to hold services for the shale miners in the Jamison Valley. On the way back up, the officer would sing Emma Booth's song, "O I'm climbing up the Golden Stairs to Glory."
(Emma Booth was the daughter of Salvation Army founders, William and Catherine Booth.)


4)  Cliffs around the Golden Stairs


5)  A Lyrebird by the side of the Golden Stairs foot track.



Rennies Tunnel

6)  (Photograph courtesy of Nick)
We are now on Federal Pass Walking Track, right in front of the entrance to Rennies Tunnel.
- Left photo ~~~ Me, now ready to go in
- Right photo ~~~ Nick peering into the tunnel when we went pass this spot 2 months ago


7)  (Photograph courtesy of Nick)
Freda wraps plastic bags around her legs.


8)  Just inside the tunnel is a gate. The gate is not shut. But it has a sign - "Danger, Do Not Enter" - all the more reason why we are going in to explore !
The colour of the water looks yuk! It is due to iron oxide leeched out from the rocks. If it is harmful to humans, it is too late now  :-)
The water is a above ankle high, up to the shin. The bottom of the tunnel is ochre mud/slime, messy & unpleasant !


9)  Freda, a few meters after passing the gate which is clearly seen behind her ~~~
Instead of crawling like me, she uses the hiking poles instead.


10)  Nick


11)  Hi Nick, you are too tall  :-)


12)  Freda


13)  Freda ~~~
The ceiling of the tunnel is slightly higher here. But still, not high enough to allow one to stand upright.


14)  We are about to enter another stretch of the Tunnel with a much lower ceiling.


15)  (Photograph courtesy of Nick)
Me, at the same spot as the previous photo was taken ~~~
- I wear croc shoes. This is a mistake as the water is icy cold. Far better is to wear shoes and socks which should keep the feet warmer.
- If you intend to crawl ... which was what I do, then wear a pair of knee pads. They are really helpful.
- We are hoping to see some small bats hanging on the ceiling. Unfortunately, we can't find any  :-(


16)  Towards the end of the tunnel at the Devils Hole side, the ceiling is higher and we can stand up. But ...


17)  ... But at the point of exit, we need to lie down to slide through.
(Photograph courtesy of Nick)


18)  Nick squeezing out of the exit hole ~~~
- If you are any fatter, you will have problems in getting out  :-)
- Does anyone know whether the rock at the centre of the photos is due to a natural rock fall or purposely dumped there to prevent people from entering the tunnel ?


19)  The red arrows point to the slit where we squeezed out of the exit hole.


20)  (Photograph courtesy of Nick)
I am crawling out of the tunnel ~~~
My pants were light grey before entering the tunnel (see Photo #6). Now it is stained brown. The stain will stay on forever and can't be washed away.


21)  (Photograph courtesy of Nick)
Freda exiting the tunnel ~~~
Compared with me, she is very clean ... she used hiking poles to crouch-walk through the tunnel ... smart woman !


22)  Freda and Nick at the exit hole


23)  Freda ~~~ She actually enjoys the tunnel !!! and wouldn't mind having another go again  :-)


24)  As for me, once through the tunnel is enough ... not keen to crawl through it again ... because the yukky orange water and mud stain everything that I wear, including my toes ... I have orange toe nails for a few days afterwards !
Nick went through the tunnel 17 years ago. At the time he swore he won't go through it again. So, maybe in 17 years time, I may change my mind  :-)


Explore around Devils Hole area

25)  After the Tunnel, we explore nearby areas around Devils Hole. Here we are at a waterfall where the Devils Hole Creek tumbles down the cliff.
(Photograph courtesy of Nick)


26)  Devils Hole Creek waterfall - same waterfall as in the previous pic


After the waterfall, we return to where we crawled out of Rennies Tunnel not too long ago.  The return route is higher on the slope then when we leave the Tunnel to go to the waterfall.

27)  Cliffs along the way to Rennies Tunnel


28)  Cliffs


29)  We come to the Waterboard's ladder, called Dixons ladder.
In the past, if one climbs up the ladder, one will reach the Waterboard's Pumping Station at the top of the cliff on the Narrow Neck Plateau. However, both the bottom rungs and the top half of the ladder have been removed; though some kind souls have strung up a rope to help you up.



30)  Freda & Nick ~~~
We don't intend to climb up the ladder, though we all make an attempt for the camera.


One day, I like to come here again and climb up the ladder.

At where the top half of the ladder was removed, there is a ledge in the middle of the cliff. I think one can inch along the ledge towards the north and it will lead to the Devils Hole waterfall area.

31)  We also come to a small rock cliff where there is a chain to help us. Here is me and Nick.
(Photograph courtesy of Nick)


32)  Freda


33)  We are back at the Rennies Tunnel exit hole.  Around here, I snap this photo of a Banksia.


34)  We retrace the steps back to the waterfall at Devils Hole Creek, then climb up a nearby steep and narrow pass towards the top of the cliff (to Cliff Drive in Katoomba). An interesting feature of this pass is we walk under a large chockstone wedged between two vertical cliffs.


35)  Climbing up the Devils Hole pass towards Cliff Drive in Katoomba


36)  We are near the top of the pass and looking back at the chockstone.


37)  After climbing up the pass, we detour towards a lookout which is the rock in front and which is just above the pass.


38)  At the top of the rock of the previous photo ~~~ Group photo of the 3 of us, Nick, me & Freda
(Photograph courtesy of Nick)


39)  This pagoda like rock is the cliff on the opposite side of the Devils Hole pass of Photo #34 & #36. From where we are standing, we could have climbed down to the top of the chockstone. We didn't do it this time ... but it would be interesting to give it a try !


40)  This is an interesting panoramic view from the point of view of this trip:
- The entire Narrow Neck plateau is in front of us.  Megalong Valley is to the right of the plateau.
- The red arrow points to where we exit out of the Rennies Tunnel. The Tunnel goes under the narrowest part of the Narrow Neck.
- The cliff on the right edge of the pic is the pagoda like cliff of the previous photo.


41)  Freda on a razor edge  :-)
- The cliff at the top left hand corner of this pic is the pagoda like cliff in Photo #39.
- The rock pointed to by the red arrow is where Nick was standing in Photo #39.


After the detour to the lookout, we climb up to Cliff Drive, then walk along it and turn into Glenraphael Drive.

42)  On Glenraphael Drive on the Narrow Neck plateau, we detour to Waterboards's Pumping Station. On the access road to the Pumping Station, there is this overhang ... Note the bolts to secure the roof of the overhang.


43)  We are on the Narrow Neck plateau, and about 250 meters north of Rennies Tunnel ... nice view of the Narrow Neck cliffs.


44)  Around the same spot as the previous photo was taken ~~~
- View of the Narrow Neck plateau (on the left) and Megalong Valley.
- Rennies Tunnel exit is pointed to by the red arrow.


Verdict on Rennies Tunnel

It is definitely exciting to crawl through it, and you will have an entertaining topic for dinner table conversations afterwards!

But it reminds me of a Japanese proverb that goes something like ... you are wise to have done it once, but a fool to want to do it again !

Nick went through the tunnel 17 years ago. At the time he swore he won't go through it again. Maybe in 17 years time, I may change my mind just like Nick  :-)

Lessons

- The water in the tunnel is very cold. Wear socks and shoes. It will keep your feet warmer.

- Wear helmet.

- If you intend to crawl, wear knee pads. If you intend to crouch-walk, a pair of hiking poles maybe helpful.

- Whatever you wear will be stained orange/brown by the ochre mud. The stain cannot be washed away. So wear old clothes, shoes & backpack that you are prepared to throw away.

- Be careful when you use your camera.  The mud from your hands will be deposited onto the camera and you may not be able to clean the mud out.

Donations are welcome to support the creation of more interesting articles in this blog  :-)

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